Landsat Image Gallery
acquired June 27, 2023

Circular Depressions Seep Hydrogen Gas

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Today’s story is the answer to the August 2023 puzzler.

Pockmarked landscapes in Australia may be a treasure map of sorts for a natural source of clean energy. Clusters of so-called “fairy circles” in the North Perth Basin of Western Australia have been found to seep hydrogen gas from their perimeters. Natural sources of hydrogen such as these, which have been found on multiple continents, are receiving more and more attention in the quest for fossil fuel alternatives.

This image shows groups of fairy circles near the town of Moora, about 150 kilometers (90 miles) north of Perth. It was acquired by the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI-2) on Landsat 9 on June 27, 2023. In this area, groups of round depressions are found along the north-south-trending Darling Fault. Sometimes called salt lakes, the features seen here are several hundred meters in diameter, and the amount of vegetation and water contained in their interiors changes over time.

In 2021, scientists took soil-gas measurements in and around some of these circles. They found that hydrogen was present in the soil, with elevated concentrations in soil around the circles’ edges. The study, led by Emanuelle Frery of Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), was the first to confirm natural hydrogen seeps in Australia and link them to the region’s geology. However, the relationships between the presence of hydrogen, circular features, and vegetation patterns are not well understood, Frery said.

Hydrogen can be produced naturally in the Earth’s subsurface by a number of processes, including certain water-rock reactions and radiation-driven breakdown of water molecules (radiolysis). The North Perth Basin has some of the conditions conducive to hydrogen production. The study’s authors hypothesized that the hydrogen forms when water reacts with the area’s iron-rich rocks. After looking at geophysical data, they think that the fault zone may offer vertical pathways for the gas to migrate up to the surface.

Historically, hydrogen reservoirs have tended to be discovered by accident. In one example, well diggers in Mali in the late 1980s tapped into what was later determined to be a highly concentrated store of natural hydrogen. Now, satellite imagery readily reveals fairy circles that might be investigated as potential seeps. Other semi-circular to circular surface features with high concentrations of hydrogen in their soil have been documented around the world, from Brazil to Russia to the U.S. state of North Carolina. Experts suspect that there are many more natural sources of hydrogen to be found, given the proper tools and the will to look.

In Australia and beyond, interest in hydrogen as a zero-emission fuel is growing. Currently, commercial hydrogen must be produced using energy-intensive processes such as separating water into hydrogen and oxygen with an electric current, or isolating hydrogen from fossil fuel feedstocks. Some argue that natural sources offer a viable alternative. However, much remains to be learned about how and where hydrogen forms beneath the surface, and how best to extract and store it.

NASA Earth Observatory image by Wanmei Liang, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey and fault lines from the Government of Western Australia. Story by Lindsey Doermann.

This image record originally appeared on the Earth Observatory. Click here to view the full, original record.